Jesus Carried The Cross-beam To Golgotha.

Jesus Carried The Cross-beam To Golgotha

The Cross used during Christ's time was a "Low Tau Cross" made of two parts:

1. The Patibulum, the Cross-Bar, which the prisoner carried to the place of execution.

2. The Stipes Crucis which was already in place, an upright heavy beam inserted into the ground.

The Shroud shows a wide area of bruises over each anatomical shoulder area. The patibulum weighed approximately 80 pounds, and Jesus carried this on His shoulders to Golgotha. It may be clearly seen on the Shroud that the wounds from the Scourging have been opened up in the process. There is also widespread bruising over both scapular regions.

Jesus fell three times whilst carrying the heavy patibulum, tied to his arms. The Shroud shows that he sustained fractured nasal cartilages, and a laceration to His left knee. Matching dirt (Travertine Aragonite) from Jerusalem is also found on the Shroud, at these two sites. For full details please see The Shroud of Turin Proves the Resurrection on this web site.

The Crown Of Thorns, And The Mocking Of Jesus.

In Matthew 27:27-30 we read,

"Then the soldiers of the procurator took Jesus into the praetorium, and gathered together about him the whole cohort. And they stripped him and put on him a scarlet cloak; and plaiting a crown of thorns, they put it upon his head, and a reed into his right hand; and bending the knee they mocked him, saying "Hail, King of the Jews!" And they spat on him, and took the reed and kept striking him on the head." 

The crown of thorns was not a crown at all. It was probably a bush roughly applied, and tied on with rope. The beating with the rods to the head covered with this crown would have caused severe bleeding to this very vascular area.

The thorns probably came from the Lote Tree, the Zizyphus Spina Christi. This wild bush still grows freely all over the Holy Land, and was probably used by the Roman soldiers as firewood.

This bush had thorns between one to two inches long. There are over 70 scalp wounds visible on the Shroud. It is probable that the clump of thorns was removed before Jesus' seamless tunic was put back onto His body, and then reapplied during the Crucifixion. The blood trickling down from the newly opened head wounds suggest that the thorns were reapplied before the Crucifixion.

Following the scourging and mocking, Jesus had sustained the following injuries, clearly visible on the Shroud:

1. His beard had been ripped off (See Isaiah 50:6), with severe bleeding from His face.

2. He had severe bleeding from His scalp from the crown of thorns.

3. He had lacerations over His right orbit, from punching and beating with rods.

4. He had fractured nasal cartilages, from beating with rods.

5. He had sustained bruising of both cheeks from punches.

This was all in complete fulfilment of the following prophecy in Isaiah 52:14, "Just as many were astonished at you, so His visage was marred more than any man, and His form more than the sons of men."

Jesus was virtually unrecognisable on the Cross.

The Roman Scourging.

The Roman Scourging

We read, in John 19:1, that "Pilate, then took Jesus and had him scourged." 

Scourging of criminals prior to Crucifixion to weaken the criminal was standard practice by the Romans. The Shroud of Turin reveals the use of a Roman scourge with 3 bar-bells. There were two soldiers. The Roman instrument used is called a flagrum, which is a short whip with 3 separate leather thongs, each terminating in a metal dumb-bell. Thus one lash would cause 3 separate wounds.

On the Shroud the scourging leaves circular dumb-bell shaped wounds all over the body. Jesus was draped over a pillar, and His naked body exposed to the flagrum. His arms were stretched and his back bent.

The Turin Shroud reveals wounds all over the body. Wounds are found on the back, the chest, the abdomen, the arms, the legs, and the pelvis.

Two Soldiers administered the Scourging

Early researchers on the Shroud realised that the marks on the Shroud came from two separate sources. They concluded this because the angles of the marks fan out from two points. One set of marks came from Jesus' left side, while another set came from Jesus' right side. The only requirement for soldiers administering a Roman scourging prior to Crucifixion was that the victim survived.

The number of lashes on the Shroud is excessive - about 120 lashes. Crucified victims commonly took up to 3 days to die, but Jesus took 6 hours to die - an indication of the severity of the scourging. This is possibly why Jesus was too weak to carry the Patibulum, which weighed 80 - 100 pounds

The Pulling Off Of Jesus' Beard 


According to Isaiah 50:6, "I gave my back to the smiters, and my cheeks to them that plucked off the hair: I hid not my face from shame and spitting."In fulfilment of prophecy, Jesus' beard was pulled off.

The early Dehydration of Jesus

Jesus had not drunk any fluids since the night before, at the Last Supper. Following the Scourging,

- His body was shredded, with muscle and subcutaneous tissue exposed.

- His beard had been pulled out.

- He would already have been severely dehydrated, in the early stages of cardio-respiratory collapse.

Jesus Did Not Have A Legal Trial.

Jesus Did Not Have A Legal Trial

It is recorded in Matthew 27:22-26,

"Pilate said to them, "What then shall I do with Jesus who is called Christ?" They all said to him, "Let Him be crucified!" Then the governor said, "Why, what evil has He done? "But they cried out all the more, saying, "Let Him be crucified!" When Pilate saw that he could not prevail at all, but rather that a tumult was rising, he took water and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, "I am innocent of the blood of this just Person. You see to it." And all the people answered and said, "His blood be on us and on our children." Then he released Barabbas to them; and when he had scourged Jesus, he delivered Him to be crucified. 

Pilate never condemned Jesus for doing anything wrong. Pilate simply asked the crowd what they wanted to do with Jesus Christ, and the crowd, inspired by the Sanhedrin, cried out for Him to be crucified. Pontius Pilate washed his hands, and said that he was innocent of Jesus' Blood. The Roman Legal System had failed, and Pontius Pilate said to the crowd, "You see to it". 

Everyone has to make a decision in their lives about what to do with Jesus Christ

Jesus Was Condemned To Death For "blasphemy"

Caiaphas then condemned Jesus to death. In Mark 14:63-64, we read: "Then the high priest tore his clothes and said, "What further need do we have of witnesses? You have heard the blasphemy! What do you think?" And they all condemned Him to be worthy of death." 

Caiaphas then had to persuade the Romans to execute Jesus. Israel was an occupied territory, and the Jews did not have the authority to execute prisoners.

Jesus Christ Stood In Our Place At The Six Trials.

In Matthew 27:13-14 we read, "Then Pilate said to Him, "Do You not hear how many things they testify against You?" And He answered him not one word, so that the governor marvelled greatly." 

Why did Jesus say "not one word"? Because Jesus was standing in our place, and we are all guilty.

The Ad 33 Date Of The Crucifixion According To Phlegon, A Secular Greek Historian.

From the work of Phlegon we can work out the date of the Crucifixion.
The Crucifixion is widely reported by numerous ancient writers. However, unlike the New Testament, of which there are 25,366 early copies, many of these ancient writer's manuscripts are fragmented.

We do however have important sections of Phelgon's work, which are critical in dating the Crucifixion.

Phlegon of Tralles

Phlegon of Tralles was a first century secular Greek historian born not long after the Crucifixion. He inadvertently dated the darkness at noon on the day of Crucifixion in his work, The Olympiades.

Phlegon's greatest work was the writing of a history book, called The Olympiades. The Olympiades can be used as a useful means of establishing a time-line.

We only have fragments left to us of this monumental work and quotations of it from other writers.
One such quotation is as follows, "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the sixth hour the day was changed into night, and the stars were seen in the heavens. An earthquake occurred in Bythinia and overthrew a great part of the city of Nicæa."

Africanus quoted a section of Phlegon's work as follows: "During the time of Tiberius Cæsar an eclipse of the sun occurred during the Full Moon."

We believe that the period of darkness referred to by Phlegon is the same period of darkness referred to in the New Testament, since the event is unique.

There is only one period of darkness lasting for three hours in the history of the world. 

- We believe that the event referred to by Phlegon is the same event that is recorded in the New Testament.

- The timing of this "eclipse" referred to by Phlegon is similar to the event described in the Gospels.

- Thankfully we have a more detailed fragment from Phlegon's Olympiades: "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the 6th hour the day was changed into night and the stars were seen in the heavens. An earthquake occurred in Bythinia and overthrew a great part of the city of Nicæa." 

- We know from the Bible that on the day of Crucifixion the Sun was darkened for three hours, and there was a great earthquake.

- As explained, we believe that the darkness referred to by Phlegon is the same darkness referred to in Matthew 27:45.

- From the above statement of Phlegon we can work out the year of the Crucifixion.

The dates of the Olympic Games, recorded in Phlegon's Olympiad

In ancient Greece the Olympic Games were held in the July of the first year of each Olympiad, which was a 4 year period running from July to June of each succeeding year.

The 202nd Olympiad has been calculated to run from July AD 29 to June AD 33. The diagram below will help to clarify this.

The 202nd Olympiad Calender



Calculations for the date of the Crucifixion

- Each year of an Olympiad began on 1st July.

- We know that Jesus was crucified in the Spring, at the time of the Passover.

- Phlegon had specifically stated in his Olympiades: "In the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, there was a great eclipse of the Sun, greater than had ever been known before, for at the 6th hour the day was changed into night and the stars were seen in the heavens."

- Using the above information we can work out that the period of darkness occurred in 33 AD.

- We can therefore calculate with great accuracy that the three hour period of darkness, and also the Crucifixion, had to be in the Spring of A.D. 33.

- As several of the early Fathers quoted Phlegon, there seems no reason to doubt his word.

- Another historian, Philipon (with Origen), confirms the historicity of Phlegon's statement by writing, "And about this darkness - Phlegon recalls it in the Olympiads...Phlegon mentioned the eclipse which took place during the crucifixion of the Lord Christ, and no other (eclipse), it is clear that he did not know from his sources about any (similar) eclipse in previous times ...and this is shown by the historical account of Tiberius Caesar." 

- Therefore the year of the crucifixion is A.D 33.

Conclusion

There is more historical evidence to support the three hour period of darkness, and therefore of the Crucifixion, in 33 AD than almost any other ancient event in history!

The Three Period Of Darkness Is Confirmed By Many Historians.

The darkness that covered Israel for three hours was recorded by three of the four Gospel writers.

1. "Now from the sixth hour there occurred darkness over all the land until the ninth hour", Matthew 27:45.

2. "Now when the sixth hour had come, it became dark over all the land until the ninth hour," Mark 15:33.

3. "It was now about the sixth hour, and darkness came over all the land until the ninth hour, the sun failing" (Luke 23:44-45).

The three evangelists testify that the darkness lasted three hours, and it 'covered all the land'.

The Sun failed

Luke says that 'the Sun failed.' The words used here are the Greek words, "tou heliou ekleipontos". The word "Helios" is translated "the Sun". The word "Ekleipo" is translated as 'to fail, to come to an end.'

Thus the cause of the darkness was a failure in the Sun's light. This distinguishes the event from the mere darkness of dense thunderclouds that can cause near night-time conditions. Storms like this are unusual for Palestine, especially at Passover time. Furthermore, there would have been mention of prodigious rainfall.

There was no eclipse of the Sun on Crucifixion day

We should not think that the strange darkness was caused by an extended eclipse of the Sun, for that could not have occurred on the day of the Crucifixion. An eclipse of the Sun only occurs when the Moon is directly between the Sun and the Earth, thus blocking out its light. The day of the Crucifixion was the day before the traditional Passover, which was on the 14th Nisan. On the 14th Nisan there was a full Moon, as was always the case at Passover time. The Moon was therefore on the far side of the Earth away from the Sun.

Furthermore, no eclipse of the Sun can last more than seven and a half minutes in any one place, and this strange darkness lasted for three hours. A supernatural event caused darkness to fall during Christ's death. Thus for three hours a strange darkness covered the land. The sky was clear, and the stars appeared. People would be asking themselves whether 'the end of the world' had come.

The period of darkness was prophesied in Amos

The Jews knew from their Bible that 'the day of the Lord' would be 'a day of darkness'. In Amos 8:9 we read, "On that day, says the Lord God, I will make the Sun to go down at noon, and darken the Earth in broad daylight. I will turn your feasting into mourning, and all your songs into lamentations."

This darkness speaks of a time of God's judgement upon sin.

Extra-Biblical historical evidence to support the three hour period of darkness

The following great number of ancient writers recorded the three hour period of darkness at the time of the Crucifixion.

Tertullian

Tertullian lived at the beginning of the 3rd century, and recorded the three hour period of darkness at the Crucifixion.

Lucian

Lucian, the martyr of Nicomedia who died in A.D. 312, recorded the three hour period of darkness at the Crucifixion.

Thallus

Thallus, a historian writing in AD. 52, wrote to deny any supernatural elements accompanying the Crucifixion . Though his writings are lost to us, we have the quotations of other later writers. The writing of Thallus shows that the facts of Jesus' death were known and discussed in Rome as early as the middle of the first century, to the extent that unbelievers like Thallus thought it necessary to explain the matter of the darkness as something natural. He took the existence of Christ for granted. Neither Jesus, nor the darkness at his death, were ever denied. At the time of his writing, unbelievers had already been explaining the darkness at the time of the Crucifixion as a purely natural phenomenon.

Julius Africanus

Julius Africanus, a Christian historian, writing about A.D. 221, refers to Christ's Crucifixion and the darkness that covered the earth prior to His death saying, "Thallus, in his Third Book of Histories, explains away this darkness as an eclipse of the sun, unreasonably as it seems to me. For the Hebrews celebrate the Passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the Passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the Passover. But an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the Moon comes under the Sun. And it cannot happen at any other time but in the interval between the first day of the new moon and the last of the old, that is, at their junction: how then should an eclipse occur when the Moon is almost diametrically opposite the Sun?"

Julius Africanus also stated that, "During the time of Tiberius Cæsar an eclipse of the sun occurred during the full Moon."

Origen

Origen had written that this idea of it being an eclipse was an invention of the pagans to discredit the Gospels.

Phlegon of Tralles

Phlegon of Tralles was a first century secular Greek historian born not long after the Crucifixion. He wrote an historical work called The Olympiades, which can be used to date the darkness at noon on the day of Crucifixion (see below).

Phlegon's work is referred to by Philipon, Julius Africanus, Joannes Philoponus, Malelas, Origen, Eusebius and Maximus.

Cornelius Tacitus

The Crucifixion of Jesus was noted by Cornelius Tacitus who was a Roman historian, born around 52-54 A.D. Tacitus stated that Jesus had been crucified by Pontius Pilate, and that Rome was in darkness during the reign of Tiberius the Caesar in AD.33.

Conclusion

There is more historical evidence to support the three hour period of darkness in 33 AD than almost any other ancient event in history!

The Blood Covenant In Relation To The Crucifixion.

God is a God of Covenant

This covenant is fulfilled at the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ, as we will see later. In Genesis 3, God introduced the idea of a blood sacrifice by clothing Adam and Eve with the skins of dead animals. Adam and Eve were effectively clothed with a blood sacrifice, which is a Biblical Picture of the Blood Covenant.

This is introduced in Genesis 3:21, "Also for Adam and his wife the Lord God made tunics of skin, and clothed them."



The Rainbow looks forward to the Crucifixion

In Genesis 9:13, God introduces the Rainbow as a sign of the covenant, "I set My rainbow in the cloud, and it shall be for the sign of the covenant between Me and the earth"

God made a Blood Covenant with Abraham


In Genesis 15: 9-17 we are told that God made a Blood Covenant with Abraham. Abraham and a "burning torch" passed between the slaughtered heifer, goat, ram, dove and pigeon. When God caused Abraham to pass between the two halves of slaughtered animals this was a type of Blood Covenant. Jesus Christ was the Burning Torch that passed between the pieces.

Hidden Codes in The Bible.

The YESHUA codes and the Crucifixion: The Name of Jesus in Old Testament prophecy

Equidistant Letter Codes were first discovered by Rabbi Ben Weismendal in 1958. We cover the Bible Codes in much fuller detail in our presentation The Bible is Supernatural on this web site.
The most important of all the Bible Codes is the "Yeshua" codes (the name of Jesus in Hebrew). In these codes, the Crucifixion passages of the Old Testament indicate exactly Who they refer to. They refer to "Yeshua", which is Hebrew for "Jesus."

Psalm 22: 14-16

"I am poured out like water, and all My bones are out of joint; my heart is like wax; it has melted within Me. My strength is dried up like a potsherd, and My tongue clings to My jaws; you have brought Me to the dust of death. For dogs have surrounded Me; the congregation of the wicked has enclosed Me. They pierced My hands and My feet."
In the above passage, the name "YESHUA" is spelt out every 26th letter. Yeshua is the Hebrew name for Jesus. The Equidistant Letter Code of 26 is particularly significant, because the Hebrew name for God, "JHWH" ("YAHWEH"), has a numerical value in Hebrew of 26

Isaiah 53: 8-10

"He was taken from prison and from judgement, and who will declare His generation? For He was cut off from the land of the living; for the transgressions of My people He was stricken. And they made His grave with the wicked, but with the rich at His death, because He had done no violence, nor was any deceit in His mouth. Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise Him; he has put Him to grief. When You make His soul an offering for sin, he shall see His seed, He shall prolong His days,
and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in His hand."
In the above passage the code "YESHUA SHMA" is spelled out every 22nd letter, meaning "My Name Is Jesus".

The Saltiness Of The Oceans.

The Saltiness Of The Oceans

There is a well established water cycle. In the water cycle, rain falls from the clouds, runs off the dry land into the sea, and is evaporated by the heat of the Sun from the sea back into the clouds.

The water cycle causes mineral salts to be deposited in the oceans

- After rain falls from the clouds 30% of the water runs into the ocean.

- The water that runs into the ocean leaches mineral salts out of the soil and river basins.

- The mineral salts are transported by the rain water into the oceans.
Evaporation removes fresh water from the oceans, leaving the mineral salts behind.

- As a result, the oceans are gaining salt every day.

- The oceans today are 3.6% salt.

- Using estimated rates of increasing mineral salt deposition on the oceans, the oceans could have gone from fresh water to salt in less than 5,000 years.

The known saltiness of the oceans, and the "Old Earth Theory" of the Evolutionists 

If the Earth is billions of years old why are not the oceans saltier than they actually are? For example, the Dead Sea is estimated to have a salt content in excess of 30%. If the water cycle has been in existence for billions of years, as claimed by Evolutionists, the oceans\should be much saltier than they actually are.

A commonly asked question is "How did fresh water fish survive the Food of Noah, when the whole world was covered in water? "

There is an assumption that the water that covered the earth in Noah's Flood was "sea water", or "salt water". In fact, the water that covered the Earth in Noah's flood was almost certainly fresh water, since there was no rain before Noah's Flood, and therefore no salt washed into the seas.

The fact that the ocean is salt water today is because the oceans are getting saltier every day. Since the Flood 4,400 years have elapsed, which are a lot of days for the fresh water to get saltier.

Today we observe fresh water fish and salt water fish. We also observe fresh water alligators and salt water alligators. These changes are adaptations to the increasing saltiness of the water, and are in no way related to Evolution.

Known facts about the Niagara Falls.

Studies Of The Niagara Falls

The Niagara Falls are the famous waterfalls between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. As in the case of all waterfalls, there is erosion of the rocky ledge of the waterfall.

According to Holt Earth Science 1994, p 178, "the whirlpool action at the base of the Falls erodes the weak shale rock at the base of the Falls. This erosion undermines the tough Dolostone layer at the top of the Falls, and from time to time the Dolostone breaks off, and the waterfall recedes". 

In the photograph, published by the Niagara Falls Museum Guide, the Crest Lines show the recession of the Horseshoe Falls since 1764. According to the Niagara Falls Museum Guide, the rate of recession has been 865 feet in 185 years, or approximately 4.7 feet per year.

According to Holt Earth Science, 1984, p.384, "the Niagara Falls was formed by weak rocks that rapidly wore back, forming a long gorge. Geologists have found that the falls move back at an average rate of 4 feet per year. A gorge about seven and a half miles long runs just below the Niagara falls. A simple calculation shows that it has been about 9,900 years since the Niagara River stated cutting its gorge back from Lake Ontario".



- The Niagara River runs North from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.

- The Niagara Falls are slowly being eroded, so that the recession of the Niagara Falls causes the waterfalls to slowly move South towards Lake Eyrie.

- The Niagara Falls used to be further North, but has eroded 7.5 miles towards Lake Eyrie since 1764.

Why do the Niagara Falls exist at all?

- We would like to Evolutionists to explain to Creationists why, if the Niagara Falls are billions of years old, and the rate of recession is 4.7 feet per year, why the Niagara Falls exist at all.

- At the known rate of recession, the Niagara Falls should have eroded all the way back to Lake Eyrie billions of years ago.

According to the Bible:

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

At this point we have to do some reasoning, based on observations and known facts.

- According to Biblical teaching, we would therefore expect the oldest waterfalls in the world to have an age of approximately 4,400 years, including the Niagara Falls.

- 4,400 years ago there was a Flood, and as the Flood water ran off about half of the flood water from Lake Eyrie washed out almost immediately.

- The Niagara Falls have been eroding the rocky ledge for the last 4,400 years only.

- The existence of the Niagara Falls tends to confirm the Biblical Creation account.

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The Great Barrier Reef, Australia.

Parts of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia were destroyed in World War II by ships anchors and explosives. Following this, environmentalists in Australia devised an experiment to observe the rate of re-growth of the coral of the Great Barrier Reef. After carefully observing the re-growth of the Reef over 20 years, they calculated that the estimated age of the Great Barrier Reef, based on their calculations, is 4,200 years old (Quoted from Creation Ex Nihilo Vol. 8 No. 1, p.).

- If the Earth is billions of years old, why is there not an older Reef on the Earth?

- Why is the oldest corral reef on Earth only 4,200 years old?

According to the Bible:

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

- Quite soon the continents stabilised, and then reefs started to grow again.

- According to Biblical teaching, we would therefore expect the oldest reef in the world to have an age of approximately 4,400 years.

- The 4,400 year old age of the Great Barrier Reef tends to confirm the Biblical account.

The Oldest Tree In The World.

The Bristle Cone Pine is the oldest tree in the world. It is estimated by scientists to be 4,300 years old, and is Earth's oldest living organism, (Quoted from Allyn and Bacon Biology, 1977, p.180).

- If the Earth is billions of years old, why are there not older trees on the Earth?

- Why is the oldest tree on Earth only 4,200 years old.

According to the Bible:

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

- Quite soon the continents stabilised, and then trees started to grow again.

- According to Biblical teaching, we would therefore expect the oldest tree in the world to have an age of approximately 4,400 years, or younger.

- The 4,300 year old age of the Bristle cone Pine Tree tends to confirm the Biblical account.

Mud Deposits From The Mississippi River.

According to Prentice Hall General Science, 1992 p.145, 80,000 tons of mud is deposited every hour by the Mississippi River at the New Orleans Delta.

The New Orleans Delta of the Mississippi River is enlarging every day. Scientists have studied the Delta very carefully, and have calculated that about 30,000 years elapsed to move all the existing mud into the New Orleans Delta.

Why is the whole Gulf of Mexico not full of mud? 

We think that Evolutionists should explain to Creationists why, if the Earth is billions of years old, the whole Gulf of Mexico is not full of mud by now.

- If the Earth is billions of years old, why the Gulf of Mexico not full of mud?

According to the Bible:

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

At this point we have to do some reasoning, based on observations and known facts:

- As water and mud washed into the newly created New Orleans Delta millions of tons of mud were deposited in the Gulf of Mexico within a very short period of time.

- As the water run off subsided, the slow flowing Mississippi river remained, and continued to deposit mud in the Gulf of Mexico at today's known rate of deposition.

- It may well be that, in calculating the number of years for the Mississippi river to deposit mud in the Gulf of Mexico, the scientists forgot the Flood, as the Bible mentions in the time of Noah.

The Pressure Of Oil In Oil Wells.

Under the crust of the Earth, oil is found deposited in oil wells. This oil is under considerable pressure. The pressure in oil wells is measured in pounds per square inch or psi.

The pressure of oil in oil wells is 20,000 pounds per square inch (psi). This explains why, when oil prospectors drill down into the Earth's crust for the oil, the oil is forcibly ejected from the oil well, because of the tremendous pressure.

Oil formed from organisms that once lived in the sea

- According to Holt General Science, 1988, p.294, "Oil and gas are made from "organisms that once lived in the sea. …changed by heat and pressure"… into oil". .

- According to The Journal of Petroleum Geology Leigh Price 1983 p.32 oil can form in 1000-10,000 years!

- This subject is also discussed in "How Fast can Oil Form?" by Andrew Snelling 1990, Creation Ex Nihilo, 12(2):30.

Oil can be created artificially

- According to Creation Ex Nihilo, Vol 12 No. 2, p. 30, in "How fast can oil form?", scientist can now convert vegetable matter, using heat and pressure, into oil in a couple of minutes inside a laboratory.

- According to Hadden R. Appell, US Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, in "Converting Organic Wastes to Oil," oil can be manufactured in 20 minutes.

- According to Mike Riddle in "Creation/Evolution: Does it Matter what we Believe?" By, ICR, p. 28, "In 1996 a $22.4 million proposal was approved in Western Australia that will build a plant to create oil from sewage sludge in 30 minutes".

Geologists say the crust of the Earth could not have contained an oil pressure of 20,000 psi for more than 10,000 years

According to Creation Ex Nihilo Vol 12 No. 2, p.30 in "How fast can oil form?" geologists say that there is a limit to how long the rocks of the Earth's crust could contain a pressure of 20,000 psi. According to these geologists the rocks could not have contained that kind of oil pressure for more than 10,000 years, without breaking up.

- If the Earth is billions of years old, why is oil present in oil wells, if it cannot be contained for more than 10,000 years?

- How did the oil get there?

- How was the oil created?

According to the Bible.

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

At this point we have to do some reasoning, based on observations and known facts:

- About 4,400 years ago, according to the Bible, there was a Flood.

- In that Flood organic material in the form of fish, animals and people drowned.

- This organic material was greatly compressed by millions of tons of rocks, sand, gravel and mud, which compressed the dead carcasses, producing oil.

- Many Creationists believe that coal was similarly formed by the compression of vegetable matter at the time of Noah's flood.

The existence of oil in oil wells proves a young universe

Since, according to geologists, oil cannot be contained within the crust of the Earth for more than 10,000 years, the existence of oil in oil wells indicates that the Universe cannot be billions of years old, but less than 10,000 years old.

Population Studies Indicate A Young Planet Earth.

According to the Star Tribune Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, July 24, 1999, "Last weekend the world's population topped 6 billion". 

In 1985 there were 5 billion people in the world.

In the year 1800 there were only 1 billion people in the whole world.

In the year 3 BC a Roman Census at the time of the Birth of Jesus Christ indicated that the population of the world was 250 million.

All text books teach that, and the world's population is growing rapidly.

Year World Population 
2000 6 Billion
1958 5 Billion 
1800 1 Billion 
3BC 250 Million 

The Bible teaches that: 

- 6,000 years ago God created the Universe.

- 4,400 years ago there was a Flood which destroyed everyone except for 8 people.

- The current population curve started 4,400 years ago.

Current growth curve based on Biblical time scales

If you start with 8 people 4,400 years ago, after Noah's Flood, a population of 6 Billion people over 4,400 years is perfectly reasonable.

Current growth curve based on Evolutionary Theory

- Evolutionists believe that the Earth is billions of years old, and that Human Life evolved millions of years ago.

- If Human Life started 3 million years ago, we would now have a world population of 150,000 people per square inch, and that is incredibly crowded!

- The population growth curve clearly demonstrates that Human Life did not start 3 million years ago.

The Earth Is Slowing Down.

Because of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the Earth is slowing down. In fact the whole Universe is slowing down. The Earth is spinning at approximately 1000 miles per hour at the equator, but it is slowing down. The Earth is slowing down at a rate of 1/1000 second per day.

Regular clocks use days as a measure, which are growing longer by a thousandth of a second or more daily as Earth's rotation slows down.

According to Astronomy Magazine, June 1992, p 24, "The Earth's Rotation is slowing down. To compensate for this lagging motion, June will be one second longer than normal. This 'Leap Second' announced by the International Earth Rotation Service in February, will keep calendar time in close alignment with international time."

Addition of Leap Seconds

To allow for the slowing of the Earth, leap seconds are added to the international cosmic clocks every 18 months. The following are the past Leap Seconds recorded by the International Earth Rotation Service:

Jan. 1973
Jan. 1974
Jan. 1975
Jan. 1976
Jan. 1977
Jan. 1978
Jan. 1979
Jan. 1980
July 1981
July 1982
July 1983
July 1985
Jan. 1988
Jan. 1990
Jan. 1991
July 1992
July 1993
July 1994
Jan. 1996

Leap seconds are added approximately every 18 months.

If the Earth is only 6,000 years old, as the Bible says, there is no problem: 

- In the time of Adam the Earth was spinning slightly faster.

- The 24 hour day would have elapsed slightly faster, but the difference would not be noticeable.

- This may explain why the Babylonians had a 360 day year, instead of our current 365 day year.

If the Earth is billions of years old, as the Evolutionists claim, this would pose enormous problems

- The Earth would have been spinning much faster.

- The 24 hour days would have been compressed into a few seconds only.

- The Centrifugal Force would be a major problem.

- Centrifugal force is that force that tends to maintain the direction of a moving object in the direction of its current movement.

- If the Earth was billions of years old the Centrifugal force would be so high that everything and everyone would actually fly into space!

- The winds would have been 5,000 miles per hour, due to the Coriolis Effect.

- If the dinosaurs lived 200 million years ago they would have been blown away from the Earth!

Comets Are Still Observed In Space.

Comets Are Still Observed In Space

Comets are occasionally observable in Space using the unaided human eye. There are a large number of comets travelling through Space. Comets become observable to the human eye only when they are comparatively close to the Earth.

They are technically referred to as "short period comets". As comets travel through space, they intermittently loose parts of their material, as the combined effects of the solar wind and the Sun burns pieces of material off them. Comets continue to loose material. The pieces of material are burned up as they leave the comets, explaining the big long bright tail behind them. Comets have a total life expectancy of less than 10,000 years, because they burn out.

Evolutionist need to explain to Creationists why, if the Universe is millions of years old, comets still observed in Space at all, in view of their short life of only 10,000 years. There is no indication at all that new comets are being created.

A similar argument can be applied to asteroids and space dust. The existence of comets, asteroids, and space dust indicates a young Universe, less than 10,000 years old.

The Space Dust On The Surface Of The Moon.

The windows of a Space rocket

If you were to look at a glass window of a Space rocket that has travelled into space, you would notice that it will be very scratched. This is because there is a lot of dust in Space which scratches the Space rocket window.

The dust on the Moon

As the Moon is spinning around the Earth it is gathering dust on it, as it travels through Space collecting Space dust.

Evolutionists believe that the Moon, like the Earth, is millions of years old. It was therefore predicted in 1955 that the Moon will have Space dust on it several miles deep.

- Lyttleton felt that X-rays and UV light striking exposed moon rocks "could during the age of the moon be sufficient to form a layer over it several miles deep."(Quote from Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society of London Vol. 115, 1955, pp. 585-604)

- Isaac Asimov wrote, "I get a picture, therefore, of the first spaceship, picking out a nice level place for landing purposes, coming in slowly downward tail-first and sinking majestically out of sight."(Quoted from: Isaac Asimov (1959), Science Digest, Jan., 1959 p. 36).

- Even children's books wrote about the excessive dust on the moon. Here is an example from a children's book written in 1959, "There is just deep, gray dust. Dust, dust, dust." (Quoted from "You Will go to the Moon" by Mae and Ira Freeman, Random House, USA).


Ladder designed 18 inches too short 

When NASA designed the spacecraft for the 1969 mission to the Moon, the engineers specially adapted the Lunar Space Module to land on the Moon, with the anticipated deep covering of dust.

Ladder designed 18 inches too short NASA provided the following adaptations to the Lunar Space Module and the astronaut's equipment:

- Huge horizontal landing pads, so that the Lunar Space Module would not sink into the dust. This is the same principle as snow shoes used on deep soft snow.

- The ladder on the Lunar Space Module, designed for the astronauts to descend onto the surface of the Moon from the Lunar Space Module, was purposely designed 18 inches too short, in anticipation of a deep dust layer.

- The backpack that the astronauts carried on their backs was designed dustproof, in case the astronauts sank into the deep Space dust on the surface of the Moon.

When the spacecraft landed on the Moon, it was in fact found that the dust on the Moon was only about ½ inch deep. This suggested that the Moon was not billions of years old, but only a young Moon, exactly as the Bible indicates.

- Ranger and Surveyor space programs were sent to the Moon to assess the "dust problem."

- It has been demonstrated that Space Dust actually gathers at the rate of 2.7 inches per million years.

- When it was discovered that the Moon was covered with only ½ inch of Space Dust, this simply implies that the Moon is only a few thousand years old, exactly as the Bible indicates.