The Saltiness Of The Oceans.

The Saltiness Of The Oceans

There is a well established water cycle. In the water cycle, rain falls from the clouds, runs off the dry land into the sea, and is evaporated by the heat of the Sun from the sea back into the clouds.

The water cycle causes mineral salts to be deposited in the oceans

- After rain falls from the clouds 30% of the water runs into the ocean.

- The water that runs into the ocean leaches mineral salts out of the soil and river basins.

- The mineral salts are transported by the rain water into the oceans.
Evaporation removes fresh water from the oceans, leaving the mineral salts behind.

- As a result, the oceans are gaining salt every day.

- The oceans today are 3.6% salt.

- Using estimated rates of increasing mineral salt deposition on the oceans, the oceans could have gone from fresh water to salt in less than 5,000 years.

The known saltiness of the oceans, and the "Old Earth Theory" of the Evolutionists 

If the Earth is billions of years old why are not the oceans saltier than they actually are? For example, the Dead Sea is estimated to have a salt content in excess of 30%. If the water cycle has been in existence for billions of years, as claimed by Evolutionists, the oceans\should be much saltier than they actually are.

A commonly asked question is "How did fresh water fish survive the Food of Noah, when the whole world was covered in water? "

There is an assumption that the water that covered the earth in Noah's Flood was "sea water", or "salt water". In fact, the water that covered the Earth in Noah's flood was almost certainly fresh water, since there was no rain before Noah's Flood, and therefore no salt washed into the seas.

The fact that the ocean is salt water today is because the oceans are getting saltier every day. Since the Flood 4,400 years have elapsed, which are a lot of days for the fresh water to get saltier.

Today we observe fresh water fish and salt water fish. We also observe fresh water alligators and salt water alligators. These changes are adaptations to the increasing saltiness of the water, and are in no way related to Evolution.

Known facts about the Niagara Falls.

Studies Of The Niagara Falls

The Niagara Falls are the famous waterfalls between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. As in the case of all waterfalls, there is erosion of the rocky ledge of the waterfall.

According to Holt Earth Science 1994, p 178, "the whirlpool action at the base of the Falls erodes the weak shale rock at the base of the Falls. This erosion undermines the tough Dolostone layer at the top of the Falls, and from time to time the Dolostone breaks off, and the waterfall recedes". 

In the photograph, published by the Niagara Falls Museum Guide, the Crest Lines show the recession of the Horseshoe Falls since 1764. According to the Niagara Falls Museum Guide, the rate of recession has been 865 feet in 185 years, or approximately 4.7 feet per year.

According to Holt Earth Science, 1984, p.384, "the Niagara Falls was formed by weak rocks that rapidly wore back, forming a long gorge. Geologists have found that the falls move back at an average rate of 4 feet per year. A gorge about seven and a half miles long runs just below the Niagara falls. A simple calculation shows that it has been about 9,900 years since the Niagara River stated cutting its gorge back from Lake Ontario".



- The Niagara River runs North from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.

- The Niagara Falls are slowly being eroded, so that the recession of the Niagara Falls causes the waterfalls to slowly move South towards Lake Eyrie.

- The Niagara Falls used to be further North, but has eroded 7.5 miles towards Lake Eyrie since 1764.

Why do the Niagara Falls exist at all?

- We would like to Evolutionists to explain to Creationists why, if the Niagara Falls are billions of years old, and the rate of recession is 4.7 feet per year, why the Niagara Falls exist at all.

- At the known rate of recession, the Niagara Falls should have eroded all the way back to Lake Eyrie billions of years ago.

According to the Bible:

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

At this point we have to do some reasoning, based on observations and known facts.

- According to Biblical teaching, we would therefore expect the oldest waterfalls in the world to have an age of approximately 4,400 years, including the Niagara Falls.

- 4,400 years ago there was a Flood, and as the Flood water ran off about half of the flood water from Lake Eyrie washed out almost immediately.

- The Niagara Falls have been eroding the rocky ledge for the last 4,400 years only.

- The existence of the Niagara Falls tends to confirm the Biblical Creation account.

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The Great Barrier Reef, Australia.

Parts of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia were destroyed in World War II by ships anchors and explosives. Following this, environmentalists in Australia devised an experiment to observe the rate of re-growth of the coral of the Great Barrier Reef. After carefully observing the re-growth of the Reef over 20 years, they calculated that the estimated age of the Great Barrier Reef, based on their calculations, is 4,200 years old (Quoted from Creation Ex Nihilo Vol. 8 No. 1, p.).

- If the Earth is billions of years old, why is there not an older Reef on the Earth?

- Why is the oldest corral reef on Earth only 4,200 years old?

According to the Bible:

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

- Quite soon the continents stabilised, and then reefs started to grow again.

- According to Biblical teaching, we would therefore expect the oldest reef in the world to have an age of approximately 4,400 years.

- The 4,400 year old age of the Great Barrier Reef tends to confirm the Biblical account.

The Oldest Tree In The World.

The Bristle Cone Pine is the oldest tree in the world. It is estimated by scientists to be 4,300 years old, and is Earth's oldest living organism, (Quoted from Allyn and Bacon Biology, 1977, p.180).

- If the Earth is billions of years old, why are there not older trees on the Earth?

- Why is the oldest tree on Earth only 4,200 years old.

According to the Bible:

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

- Quite soon the continents stabilised, and then trees started to grow again.

- According to Biblical teaching, we would therefore expect the oldest tree in the world to have an age of approximately 4,400 years, or younger.

- The 4,300 year old age of the Bristle cone Pine Tree tends to confirm the Biblical account.

Mud Deposits From The Mississippi River.

According to Prentice Hall General Science, 1992 p.145, 80,000 tons of mud is deposited every hour by the Mississippi River at the New Orleans Delta.

The New Orleans Delta of the Mississippi River is enlarging every day. Scientists have studied the Delta very carefully, and have calculated that about 30,000 years elapsed to move all the existing mud into the New Orleans Delta.

Why is the whole Gulf of Mexico not full of mud? 

We think that Evolutionists should explain to Creationists why, if the Earth is billions of years old, the whole Gulf of Mexico is not full of mud by now.

- If the Earth is billions of years old, why the Gulf of Mexico not full of mud?

According to the Bible:

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

At this point we have to do some reasoning, based on observations and known facts:

- As water and mud washed into the newly created New Orleans Delta millions of tons of mud were deposited in the Gulf of Mexico within a very short period of time.

- As the water run off subsided, the slow flowing Mississippi river remained, and continued to deposit mud in the Gulf of Mexico at today's known rate of deposition.

- It may well be that, in calculating the number of years for the Mississippi river to deposit mud in the Gulf of Mexico, the scientists forgot the Flood, as the Bible mentions in the time of Noah.

The Pressure Of Oil In Oil Wells.

Under the crust of the Earth, oil is found deposited in oil wells. This oil is under considerable pressure. The pressure in oil wells is measured in pounds per square inch or psi.

The pressure of oil in oil wells is 20,000 pounds per square inch (psi). This explains why, when oil prospectors drill down into the Earth's crust for the oil, the oil is forcibly ejected from the oil well, because of the tremendous pressure.

Oil formed from organisms that once lived in the sea

- According to Holt General Science, 1988, p.294, "Oil and gas are made from "organisms that once lived in the sea. …changed by heat and pressure"… into oil". .

- According to The Journal of Petroleum Geology Leigh Price 1983 p.32 oil can form in 1000-10,000 years!

- This subject is also discussed in "How Fast can Oil Form?" by Andrew Snelling 1990, Creation Ex Nihilo, 12(2):30.

Oil can be created artificially

- According to Creation Ex Nihilo, Vol 12 No. 2, p. 30, in "How fast can oil form?", scientist can now convert vegetable matter, using heat and pressure, into oil in a couple of minutes inside a laboratory.

- According to Hadden R. Appell, US Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines, in "Converting Organic Wastes to Oil," oil can be manufactured in 20 minutes.

- According to Mike Riddle in "Creation/Evolution: Does it Matter what we Believe?" By, ICR, p. 28, "In 1996 a $22.4 million proposal was approved in Western Australia that will build a plant to create oil from sewage sludge in 30 minutes".

Geologists say the crust of the Earth could not have contained an oil pressure of 20,000 psi for more than 10,000 years

According to Creation Ex Nihilo Vol 12 No. 2, p.30 in "How fast can oil form?" geologists say that there is a limit to how long the rocks of the Earth's crust could contain a pressure of 20,000 psi. According to these geologists the rocks could not have contained that kind of oil pressure for more than 10,000 years, without breaking up.

- If the Earth is billions of years old, why is oil present in oil wells, if it cannot be contained for more than 10,000 years?

- How did the oil get there?

- How was the oil created?

According to the Bible.

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

At this point we have to do some reasoning, based on observations and known facts:

- About 4,400 years ago, according to the Bible, there was a Flood.

- In that Flood organic material in the form of fish, animals and people drowned.

- This organic material was greatly compressed by millions of tons of rocks, sand, gravel and mud, which compressed the dead carcasses, producing oil.

- Many Creationists believe that coal was similarly formed by the compression of vegetable matter at the time of Noah's flood.

The existence of oil in oil wells proves a young universe

Since, according to geologists, oil cannot be contained within the crust of the Earth for more than 10,000 years, the existence of oil in oil wells indicates that the Universe cannot be billions of years old, but less than 10,000 years old.

The Age Of The Sahara Desert.

The Sahara Desert has what it is called a Prevailing Wind Pattern. This means that the prevailing wind over the Sahara desert almost always blows from the same direction. This creates a problem. The hot air that blows off the desert dehydrates the trees near the edge of the desert. These dehydrated trees die, and the area of dead trees in then incorporated into the desert, causing the Sahara desert to increase in size every year. This process is called "desertification".

The Sahara Desert is only 1300 miles North to South and it is growing at the rate of four miles per year. Geophysicists announced recently that "the Sahara Desert is about 4,000 years old" based on extensive studies of growth patterns of the Sahara desert, (quoted from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany. July 15, 1999 Geophysical Research Letters).

- If the Earth is billions of years old, why is there not an older desert on the Earth?

- Why is the oldest desert on Earth only 4,000 years old?

According to the Bible:

- God created the Heavens and the Earth 6,000 years ago approximately.

- 4,400 years ago there was a world wide Flood.

- As the crust of the Earth was broken up, and water ran off the land, the geography was dramatically altered.

- Quite soon the continents stabilised, and then vegetation started to grow again.

- According to Biblical teaching, we would therefore expect the oldest desert in the world to have an age of approximately 4,400 years, or younger.

- The 4,000 year old age of the Sahara Desert tends to confirm the Biblical account.